Abstract: Copper is involved in important biological processes like cellular respiration, antioxidant response and neurotransmitter synthesis. Balance of copper is very important for cells and organ health. But excessive copper ions may cause toxic reaction, resulting in cell damage and death. Copper ions induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by damaging acylated tricarboxylic acid cycle …
Abstract: Cytokines are small molecule soluble proteins secreted by cells and involved in preventing serious diseases like cancer. They promote the formation and development of specific organs, help to maintain homeostasis and also improve the body defense function against pathogen invasion. Cytokine storm(also called hypercytokinemia) is a serious immune overreaction. The self-overprotected effects of cytokine …
Abstract: Interleukin-6(IL-6) is an important cytokine mainly produced by T cell and monocyte. It will be released during infection, tissue damage or inflammation, and also plays its role as proinflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory modulator. There are three types of IL-6 signaling pathway: classical signaling pathway, trans-signaling pathway and trans-presentation. Keywords: IL-6 signaling pathway, cytokine, inflammation, …
Abstract: Collagen protein is the main structural component of extracellular matrix and plays an important role in mechanical stability of various tissues, tissue structure and morphology. One-third of total proteins in human body are collagen proteins. There are 28 kinds of collagen proteins with different advanced tissue structure. The most common one can form fibre. …
1. TNF Alpha and Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α, a crucial inflammatory mediator, is a monocyte-derived cytokine primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages, playing an important role in immune responses by regulating inflammation and activation of immune cells. Its …
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) is an autoimmune diseases featured with slow onset, insidious occurrence, clinical manifestations. SLE is involved in many system and organ autoimmune diseases and has an effect on skin, serosa, joints, kidney and central nervous system etc. Cellular and humoral immune dysfunctions produce many autoantibodies. Keywords: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Autoimmune Disease, Inflammation …
FineTest ELISA kits are used for the detection and quantification of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies such as Bevacizumab® and biosimilars including rituximab and adalimumab, as well as the immunogenicity detection of Anti-Drug Antibodies (ADAs). Advantages of These ELISA Kits High Specificity No cross-reaction with non-target human serum protein or immunoglobulin High Sensitivity High sensitivity and wide …
HCPs are cellular structural and secretory proteins produced during cell culture process. It’s reported that HCPs can stimulate the human immune system, triggering allergic reactions or other adverse responses. Besides, HCPs may induce the production of antibodies against protein drugs in the body, affecting the therapeutic effects of the drugs. ELISA assay is a widely …
Apoptosis(also called programmed cell death) is a kind of programmed and gene-controlled cell death type. It’s one of the key mechanisms for maintaining normal growth and homeostasis in organisms. Annexin V is the indicator for detecting early cell apoptosis, which has a high affinity for PS(photosensitive serine). In the early apoptosis, PS flips from the …
Abstract: Macrophages are derived from monocytes and produced by the differentiated monocytes in the blood. They’re a kind of leukocyte in the tissue. The volume, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosome and phagocytic function increases, after monocytes enter connective tissues. Some macrophage polarization markers are specified below. Keywords: Macrophage Polarization, Macrophage and Monocyte, Macrophage Function 1. Macrophage …
