Abstract: IL-1 family cytokines include 11 pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines with inactive precursor forms, over 10 multichain receptors, two decoy receptors, a inhibitory protein and two receptor antagonists. IL-1RA is the most famous one and can naturally inhibit activation of IL-1R1. Various functional collaborations or antagonism highlights complex biofunction and precise regulation of this family. …

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Abstract: Roles of rare cells(e.g. circulating tumor cells, tumor stem cells, antigen specific T cells, iNKT cell and fetal cells in maternal blood etc) in disease diagnosis and staging, monitoring of minimal residual disease, and immune response are important(especially for immunological memory of SARS-CoV-2 and latent infection of HIV). Rare cell analysis requires for high …

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Abstract: Innate lymphoid cells(ILCs) include subsets like ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, sharing phenotype and function similar with T cells. Roles in lymphatic tissue development, tissue repair, and anti-infective immunity are important. ILCs can rapidly respond to microenvironment signal and regulate homeostasis of inflammation and immunity. The subset ratio or dysfunction is closely related to various diseases. …

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Abstract: Integrin α4 (ITGA4, also called CD49D) is the key subunit in integrin family. Binding with β1 or β7 forms functional heterodimer α4β1(VLA-4) and α4β7. Roles in adhesion, transport and migration of immunocytes are important. VLA-4 can also mediate leucocyte aggregation on activated endothelial cells. ITGA4 plays an important role in pathogenesis of various autoimmune …

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Abstract: Apoptosis is the gene programmed active cell death, totally different from necrosis. Changes of key molecules are found during the process, e.g. externalized phosphatidylserine, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, activated cascade of caspase and DNA fragmentation. Specific fluorescent probe for flow cytometry can accurately target and recognize molecular signal during different apoptotic phases. Quantitative apoptosis …

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Abstract: Serum amyloid P component(APCS/SAP/PTX2) is the important family member of pentameric protein. As the calcium dependent lectin, it can interact with various molecules(e.g. DNA, histone, apoptotic debris etc), helping to remove nuclear substance released by damaged cells. In vitro experiments employing recombinant proteins and antibodies validate sensitive roles of SAP in diagnosis and treatment …

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Abstract: Sharing a 24.7% amino acid sequence identity and receptor structure highly similar with IL-10 family members, Interleukin-26(IL-26) is categorized into IL-10 cytokine member. Roles of IL-26 in immunoregulation and host defense are important. Keywords: Interleukin-26, Immunoregulatory Cytokine, Autoimmune Diseases, Targeted Therapy 1. IL-26: An Antimicrobial factor Bridging Innate and Adaptive Immunity IL-26 is the …

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Abstract: In flow cytometry, staining for intracellular protein target usually requires for fixation and permeabilization buffer kit. Fixation can stabilize cell structure and maintain morphological integrity. Permeabilization produces micropore on cell membrane, enabling entry of antibodies into cells to bind with the target protein. This process effectively exposes intracellular antigen, facilitating specific staining and detection. …

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Abstract: T cells play an important role in adaptive immunity, anti-tumor and anti-viral reaction. After vaccination or acute infection, T cells can be differentiated into effector cells to form memory cells. During chronic infection or cancer, T cell exhaustion easily happens. Exhausted T cells are heterogeneous, some of which are stem cell-like(e.g. self-renewal and differentiation …

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