Abstract: In flow cytometry, staining for intracellular protein target usually requires for fixation and permeabilization buffer kit. Fixation can stabilize cell structure and maintain morphological integrity. Permeabilization produces micropore on cell membrane, enabling entry of antibodies into cells to bind with the target protein. This process effectively exposes intracellular antigen, facilitating specific staining and detection. …
Abstract: T cells play an important role in adaptive immunity, anti-tumor and anti-viral reaction. After vaccination or acute infection, T cells can be differentiated into effector cells to form memory cells. During chronic infection or cancer, T cell exhaustion easily happens. Exhausted T cells are heterogeneous, some of which are stem cell-like(e.g. self-renewal and differentiation …
Abstract: Lymphocytes play an important role in immune response, including T, B and NK cell. The typing depends on source, morphology, surface/intracellular markers and functional differences. The proportion of T/B/NK cell subpopulation in lymphocytes or absolute quantity change from lymphocyte subset test reflects body’s immune status. Wide clinical applications include HIV infection, hematological cancers, immune …
Abstract: In recent years, researches on Trop2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2) are greatly concerned. As the type I transmembrane glycoprotein, trop2 expression in various solid tumors and normal tissues is higher and lower respectively. Trop2 is also involved in embryonic development. The over-expression is closely associated with proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumors, obviously affecting …
Abstract: Hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs) are pluripotent stem cells mainly resident in bone marrow. Long-term self-renewal enables differentiation into various mature blood cells. Differentiation pathway forms two kinds of progenitor cells: common lymphoid progenitor(CLPs) and common myeloid progenitor(CMPs). CLPs further grow into T/B/NK cell. CMPs are differentiated into monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, red blood cells, megakaryocytes(platelet …
Abstract: Gout is the systemic inflammatory arthropathy during which abnormal metabolism of purine induced hyperuricemia promotes deposition of MSU crystal(monosodium urate) in joints and soft tissues. Symptoms of acute attacks are MSU crystal induced severe sterile arthritis. Recurrent development becomes chronic gout. Tophi with chronic inflammation and tissue damage induce arthralgia, deformity, and functional impairment. …
Abstract: Autoimmune diseases(AID) are derived from abnormal attack of immune system against autoantigen. Typical case is systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE). The pathogenesis is involved in over-activation and decreased immune tolerance of B and T cell. In the subpopulation of CD4⁺ T cell, roles of Th17 and Treg cell in AID and inflammatory process are important. TGF-β …
Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is the chronic respiratory disease restricted by continuous airflow, including chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Main inducers are long-term smoking, air pollution, and respiratory infection. As the third most common cause of death worldwide, the high incidence rate of COPD usually induces recurrent acute exacerbation and progressive decrease of lung …
Abstract: Flow cytometry is the most advanced cell quantitative analysis technology with high specificity, sensitivity and rapid detection for multi-parameter. Wide clinical applications include immunophenotyping for leukemia and lymphoma and therapeutic evaluation for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Roles of cellular immunophenotyping analysis are very important, including single cell suspension preparation, cell surface staining, intracellular or …
Abstract: Magnetic-activated cell sorting(MACS) or flow cytometry usually uses EDTA or heparin sodium-anticoagulated peripheral whole blood as the sample. Two pre-treatment methods for preparing cells: a. lyse red blood cells with hemolysin. Nuclear cells are retained for further analysis; b. density gradient centrifugation(e.g. Ficoll or Percoll) separates peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs). Centrifugation forms density stratification …
