Abstract: Protein kinase is the enzyme catalyzing protein phosphorylation, and involved in key processes like cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis etc. 518 kinases have been found in human body and formed complex regulatory network. Recent researches show protein kinase plays an important role in gene expression, DNA repair and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Mutation or deficiency …
Abstract: Cytokines have wide biological functions, and can regulate various physiological processes, e.g. innate and adaptive immune response, blood cell generation, cell growth, pluripotent embryonal stem cell and tissue damage repairing. Various types can be divided based on the function and effect, including interleukin(IL), interferon(IFN), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), colony-stimulating factor(CSF), chemokine and growth factor(GF) etc. …
Abstract: Mitochondria are organelles carrying unique genetic codes in eukaryotic cells. mtDNA encodes 13 proteins which are key components of OXPHOS complex. Mitochondria manage to produce energy required by most cells via oxidative phosphorylation, and are also involved in several important biological processes, such as regulation of apoptosis, storage and regulation of calcium ion, production …
Abstract: Gastric cancer is the malignant tumor derived from gastric epithelium, and frequently occurs among people over 50 years old. Males have a higher incidence rate than females. With the change of dietary habit, increased working pressure and helicobacter pylori infection, gastric cancer in younger men is increasing. Gastric cancer can occur in any part …
Abstract: Copper is involved in important biological processes like cellular respiration, antioxidant response and neurotransmitter synthesis. Balance of copper is very important for cells and organ health. But excessive copper ions may cause toxic reaction, resulting in cell damage and death. Copper ions induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by damaging acylated tricarboxylic acid cycle …
Abstract: Cytokines are small molecule soluble proteins secreted by cells and involved in preventing serious diseases like cancer. They promote the formation and development of specific organs, help to maintain homeostasis and also improve the body defense function against pathogen invasion. Cytokine storm(also called hypercytokinemia) is a serious immune overreaction. The self-overprotected effects of cytokine …
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Abstract: Interleukin-6(IL-6) is an important cytokine mainly produced by T cell and monocyte. It will be released during infection, tissue damage or inflammation, and also plays its role as proinflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory modulator. There are three types of IL-6 signaling pathway: classical signaling pathway, trans-signaling pathway and trans-presentation. Keywords: IL-6 signaling pathway, cytokine, inflammation, …
Abstract: Collagen protein is the main structural component of extracellular matrix and plays an important role in mechanical stability of various tissues, tissue structure and morphology. One-third of total proteins in human body are collagen proteins. There are 28 kinds of collagen proteins with different advanced tissue structure. The most common one can form fibre. …
1. TNF Alpha and Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). TNF-α, a crucial inflammatory mediator, is a monocyte-derived cytokine primarily produced by monocytes and macrophages, playing an important role in immune responses by regulating inflammation and activation of immune cells. Its …
