Abstract: TGF Beta signaling pathway consists of ligands, receptor complex and signaling molecule SMADs from TGF Beta family, including Smad dependent pathway and non-Smad pathway. TGF Beta is the versatile immune cytokine. Members of TGF Beta superfamily also include bone morphogenetic protein(BMPs), activin and inhibin etc. In mammals, there are three subtypes of TGF Beta …
Abstract: In murine immunology research, IgG subclasses of monoclonal antibody play an important role in evaluating function and features. Types of mouse IgG subclasses include IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c, IgG3 etc. Biological effects of these subclasses are different in immune system. IgG antibodies are commonly applied in research, diagnosis and treatment, and also involved …
Abstract: Cell senescence is the biological process during which cell death is induced by the gradual loss of normal structure and function. This process is related to many fields like anti-aging research and cell therapy. Cell senescence can be induced by many factors, including stimulation of internal signaling pathway, free radical damage, gene expression …
Abstract: Autophagy is the process during which cells transferred damaged, denatured or aging proteins to lysosomes. It removes these substances by the digestion and degradation of lysosomes. As the self-degradation mechanism, Autophagy widely exists in cells and plays an important role especially in removing metabolized waste and providing energy required for normal cell functions. Keywords: …
Abstract: Protein kinase is the enzyme catalyzing protein phosphorylation, and involved in key processes like cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis etc. 518 kinases have been found in human body and formed complex regulatory network. Recent researches show protein kinase plays an important role in gene expression, DNA repair and tumor microenvironment remodeling. Mutation or deficiency …
Abstract: Cytokines have wide biological functions, and can regulate various physiological processes, e.g. innate and adaptive immune response, blood cell generation, cell growth, pluripotent embryonal stem cell and tissue damage repairing. Various types can be divided based on the function and effect, including interleukin(IL), interferon(IFN), tumor necrosis factor(TNF), colony-stimulating factor(CSF), chemokine and growth factor(GF) etc. …
Abstract: Mitochondria are organelles carrying unique genetic codes in eukaryotic cells. mtDNA encodes 13 proteins which are key components of OXPHOS complex. Mitochondria manage to produce energy required by most cells via oxidative phosphorylation, and are also involved in several important biological processes, such as regulation of apoptosis, storage and regulation of calcium ion, production …
Abstract: Gastric cancer is the malignant tumor derived from gastric epithelium, and frequently occurs among people over 50 years old. Males have a higher incidence rate than females. With the change of dietary habit, increased working pressure and helicobacter pylori infection, gastric cancer in younger men is increasing. Gastric cancer can occur in any part …
Abstract: Copper is involved in important biological processes like cellular respiration, antioxidant response and neurotransmitter synthesis. Balance of copper is very important for cells and organ health. But excessive copper ions may cause toxic reaction, resulting in cell damage and death. Copper ions induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction by damaging acylated tricarboxylic acid cycle …
Abstract: Cytokines are small molecule soluble proteins secreted by cells and involved in preventing serious diseases like cancer. They promote the formation and development of specific organs, help to maintain homeostasis and also improve the body defense function against pathogen invasion. Cytokine storm(also called hypercytokinemia) is a serious immune overreaction. The self-overprotected effects of cytokine …
